MANPADS Resources 

Recent News

• "Next in flight: antimissile system", Christian Science Monitor, 21 January 2007.
• " Bush travel plans in Israel changed at last minute due to missile threat", World Tribune, 9 January 2007.
• "JFK Passenger Planes To Get Anti-Missile Systems", MSNBC, 7 January 2007.
• "Passenger jets get anti-missile devices", USA Today, 4 January 2007.
• "Special Fund Aids Albania-U.S. Munitions Destruction Project", State Department, 3 January 2008.
• "Hicks 'was ready to die a martyr'", The Australian, 21 December 2007.
• "MND-N Soldiers find atrocity site, torture complex and weapons caches during Operation Iron Reaper", MNF-Iraq Press Release, 20 December 2007.
• "Indonesian Man Sentenced For Attempting To Sell Guns, Missiles To Terrorists", AHN, 19 December 2007.
• "BAE Wins Award To Test Counter MANPADS Jammer", Aviation Daily, 11 December 2007.
• "Anti-missile system in airlines’ sights", The Times, 10 December 2007.
• "War crimes case laid out against bin Laden driver", MiamiHerald, 7 December 2007.
• "Montenegro, USA Sign Agreement for Destroying of Small Arms, Light Weapons", BBC Monitoring European, 3 December 2007.
• "Terrorists target Army base — in Arizona", Washington Times, 26 November 2007.
• "Vigilant Eagle missile protection system begins trials at US airport", Flight International, 26 November 2007.
• "Saab launches Compact Integrated Defensive Aids Suite family systems (CIDAS100-300)", Sky Control, 13 November 2007.
• Israel expedites missile warning systems for passenger jets", World Tribune, 8 November 2007.
• "Rogue Missiles - Tracking MANPADS Proliferation Trends", Jane's Intelligence Review, November 2007. Media Advisory

News Archive

FAS Resources

• James Bevan & Matt Schroeder,"Man-portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS)," in Conventional Ammunition in Surplus: A Reference Guide (January 2008).
• Matt Schroeder, "Rogue Missiles - Tracking MANPADS Proliferation Trends", Jane's Intelligence Review, November 2007. Media Advisory
• Matt Schroeder, "FAS Obtains DHS Report on Programs to Counter the Shoulder-fired Missile Threat", FAS Strategic Security Blog, 25 October 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "Countering the MANPADS Threat: Strategies for Success", Arms Control Today, September 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "New Information on Somali MANPADS" FAS Strategic Security Blog, 27 July 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "Video Shows Somali Insurgent with Sophisticated SA-18 Missile" FAS Strategic Security Blog, 19 June 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "Global efforts to control MANPADS" in SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress, 2007).
• Matt Schroeder, "New Information on Iraqi Missile Cache" FAS Strategic Security Blog, 24 May 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "Rep. Israel Introduces New Counter-MANPADS Legislation" FAS Strategic Security Blog, 15 May 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "Update: Shoulder-fired Missiles in Somalia" FAS Strategic Security Blog, 3 May 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "Iraq's Looted Arms Depots: What the GAO Didn't Mention..." FAS Strategic Security Blog, 9 April 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "Q & A on Shoulder-fired Missile Stockpile Security" FAS Strategic Security Blog, 15 March 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "The MANPADS Threat: A Civil Society Perspective" Presentation to the Organization of American States, 8 March 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "Bush Gets it Right on Small Arms Threat Reduction" FAS Strategic Security Blog, 7 February 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, "Somalia: Don't Forget about the Missiles..." FAS Strategic Security Blog, 9 January 2007.
• Matt Schroeder, Rachel Stohl & Dan Smith The Small Arms Trade: A Beginner's Guide (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006). Features a four-chapter history of MANPADS proliferation and control efforts.
• Matt Schroeder, "Arms to Somalia: Déjà vu" FAS Strategic Security Blog, 20 November 2006.
• Matt Schroeder, "Update: Shoulder-fired Missile Proliferation," FAS Strategic Security Blog, 14 November 2006.
• Matt Schroeder, "Congress Appropriates $40 Million for DHS Counter-MANPADS Program," FAS Strategic Security Blog, 05 October 2006.
• Matt Schroeder, "MANPADS for Hezbollah?," FAS Strategic Security Blog, 16 August 2006.
• Matt Schroeder, "Nicaragua Agrees to Destroy More MANPADS," FAS Strategic Security Blog, 18 July 2006.
• Matt Schroeder, "Rep. Royce Introduces Legislation on Shoulder-fired Missiles," FAS Strategic Security Blog, 11 May 2006.
• Matt Schroeder, "Welcome Progress on Shoulder-fired Missile Threat," FAS Public Interest Report, Volume 57, Number 3, Summer 2004.
• Robert Sherman, "The Real Terrorist Missile Threat, and What Can be Done About It," FAS Public Interest Report, Volume 56, Number 3, Autumn 2003.

Media and NGOs

• David Houska, "MANPADS at a Glance", Arms Control Association, October (2007).
• James Bevan, "Connecting paradigms: MANPADS in the national and human security debates", Disarmament Forum, No. 1 (2007).
• James A. Lewis, "Commercial Aviation and MANPADS: Threat or Theory", Center for Strategic and International Studies, January 2006.
• James S. Chow, et. al., "Protecting Commercial Aviation Against the Shoulder-Fired Missile Threat", RANDCorporation occasional paper series, January 2005.**
• Small Arms Survey, "Big Issue, Big Problem?", Small Arms Survey 2004, July 2004.
• James Bevan, "Man-portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS): Presentation to the Geneva Process on Small Arms," Small Arms Survey, 8 September 2004.
• Loren Thompson, "MANPADS: Scale & Nature of the Threat," Lexington Institute, 12 November 2003.
• Shane Harris, "Cease Fire," Govexec.com, 11 November 2003.
• "Missile Defense Systems for the American Commercial Airline Fleet," AOC (the Electronic Warefare & Information Operations Association) Position Statement, February 2003.
• Journal of Electronic Defense (JED), See the following articles:
  • Michal Fiszer and Jerzy Gruszczynski, "On Arrows and Needles," Journal of Electronic Defense (JED), December 2002.
  • Michael Puttre, "Facing the Shoulder-Fired Threat," Journal of Electronic Defense (JED), April 2001.
• "Raytheon Electronic Systems FIM-92 Stinger low-altitude surface-to-air missile system family," Jane's Land-Based Air Defense, 13 October 2000.
• Aircraft Survivability (Summer 1999). See especially Paul Caffera, "The Vexing Problem of Protecting Airliners from MANPADS," p. 13-16.
• "Chapter 2: Stinger Weapon System," Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) Handbook, MCWP 3-25.10, June 1998. Technical description of Stingers.

Industry

• "BAE Systems Counter-MANPADS JETEYE System Takes Flight on Commercial Airliners for DHS" , BAE Systems, 10 November 2005.
• "Northrop Grumman Completes Design of Commercial Aircraft Protection System" , Northrop Grumman news release, 22 August 2005.
• "Northrop Grumman Readies Commercial Aircraft Anti-Missile System" , Northrop Grumman news release, 25 January 2005.
• "MANPADS Protection for Commercial Aircraft," Northrop Grumman, April 2004.
• Raytheon Company
• Stinger missile page

U.S. Government Documents

Congress

• Civil Reserve Air Fleet Missile Defense Pilot Program Act of 2007, 10 May 2007.
• Department of State Authorities Act, December 2006.
• The Terrorist Threat from Shoulder-fired Missiles, hearing transcript, House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation, 30 March 2006.
• Shoulder-fired Missile Reduction Act of 2006 (HR 5333)
• Letter from Senator Barbara Boxer to DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff, 28 March 2006.
• Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act FY2006
  • Report (H. Res 283)
  • Engrossed Amendment as Agreed by the Senate, 14 July 2005
• A Bill Requiring Missile Defense Protection for Airbus A380 Aircraft Introduced in Congress, 15 June 2005. 
• "MANPAD Protection: Let’s Consider All the Options", Congressman Joe Wilson,18 October 2005.
• Press Release, Rep. Don Young, Chairman of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, 15 June 2005.
• Department of Homeland Security Authorization Act FY2006
  • Rep. Mica's 17 May statement
  • Rep. Israel's 17 May statement
• Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2005. Amendment 484 is a sense of the Senate that $32 million should be made available for the Defense Department's MANPADS buyback program.
• Foreign Affairs Authorization Act of 2006 and 2007. Includes the Conventional Arms Disarmament Act of 2005, which authorizes an "accelerated global program to secure, remove, or eliminate stocks of MANPADS, other conventional weapons, and tactical missile systems..."
• "Lugar and Obama Urge Destruction of Conventional Weapons Stockpiles," 30 August 2005
  • Press Release
• "Homeland Security: Protecting Airliners from Terrorist Missiles," Congressional Research Service, updated 16 February 2006.
• Presentation by CRS analysts Christopher Bolkcom, Bart Elias and Andrew Feickert , 12 March 2004.
• "Military Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD): Assessing Future Needs," Congressional Research Service, 24 January 2005. Includes a brief discussion of the threat posed by MANPADS
• Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (PL 108-458, 17 December 2004. See Section 4026, "Man-portable Air Defense Systems" and Sec. 6903, "Missile Systems Designed to Destroy Aircraft."
• Testimony of Daniel J. Bryant, Assistant Attorny General, on S. 2679 - The "Tools to Fight Terrorism Act of 2004". Note: the MANPADS section of this act was folded into PL 108-458.
• Senator Lugar's Opening Statement, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Nominations Hearing,29 September 2004. Contains brief summary of U.S. MANPADS stockpile destruction program inAlbania.
• FY2005 Foreign Operations Appropriations bill (HR 4818). Boxer Amendment provides that $10 million should be made available to reduce the threat of MANPADS acquisition by terrorists or state sponsors of terrorism.
• Press Release
• Homeland Security Department FY2005 Appropriations bill (HR 4567). Boxer Amendment requires a report on U.S. efforts to protect commercial aircraft from MANPADS.
  • Statement by Sen. Barbara Boxer during Senate consideration of DHS Appropriations bill,23 July 2004.
• Statement by Jim May, CEO, Air Transport Association, before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, 22 June 2004.
• Prevention of Terrorist Access to Destructive Weapons Act of 2004 (S 2664), 15 July 2004.
• (Excerpt from) Hearing of the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee, 22 June 2004. 
• Commercial Aviation MANPADS Defense Act of 2004 (HR 4056), 30 March 2004.
• Statement of Stephen J. McHale, Deputy Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, before the Aviation Subcommittee of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, 12 February 2004.
• "U.S. Believes Terrorists Still Pose Threat to Civil Aviation", Transportation Security Administration (TSA) officials testify to Senate, 5 November 2003.
• "Hearing on The Transportation Security Administration's Perspective on Aviation Security," House Transportation Committee's Aviation Subcommittee, 16 October 2003.
• "Homeland Security: Protecting Airliners from Terrorist Missiles," Congressional Research Service, 3 November 2003.
• Supplemental Appropriations for the War in Iraq (P.L. 108-11), 16 April 2003. Authorizes the Department of Homeland Security's two-phase Systems Development and Demonstration (SD&D) program for antimissile devices for commercial aircraft.
• Legislation on MANPADS (i.e. Commercial Airline Missile Defense Act) can be found on the ASMP Bills and Laws page. For more information on Congressional efforts to address the MANPADS threat, visit Congressman Steven Israel's Shoulder-fired Missiles issues page.
  

Defense Department

• "Iranian Support for Lethal Activity in Iraq," Powerpoint presentation, 11 February 2007.
• "Golden Sentry End-Use Monitoring (EUM) STINGER Missile and Gripstock Inventory Standardization Procedures," Defense Security Cooperation Agency Policy Memorandum 05-10,29 March 2005.
• "Secretary Rumsfeld En Route to Argentina," Defense Department News Transcript, 21 March 2005. Secretary Rumsfeld answers questions about U.S. counter-MANPADS policy vis-a-visNicaragua.
• "Special Defense Department Briefing," Defense Department News Transcript, 9 February 2005. Brief discussion of possible causes (including MANPADS) of the January 30th C-130 crash inIraq. Italics added.
• "Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Media Availability with Russian Defense Minister Sergey Ivanov," Defense Department News Transcript, 11 January 2005. Topics of discussion included Russian MANPADS proliferation and US/Russian MANPADS information exchange agreement.
• "Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability with Nicaraguan President Bolanos," Defense Department News Transcript, 12 November 2004. Includes discussion of Nicargua's MANPADS destruction program.
• "DSCA Teams with DTRA on End-Use Monitoring," Press Release, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 4 June 2004.
• Golden Sentry End-Using Monitoring Visit Policy, DSCA Policy Memorandum 04-11, 2 April 2004. Includes detailed description of end-use monitoring requirements for exported Stingers.
• "Making a Safer Bosnia and World: U.S. Embassy, Federation and RS Armies, and SFOR Come Together to Destroy Weapons, Talon, Task Force Eagle, 5 March 2004, p. 4.
• Testimony of Gen. Tome Walters, Director of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency, before the House Committee on Government Reform, 9 March 2004.
• MANPADS Threat Characterization, Aerospace Vehicle Survivability Facility.
• "End-Use Monitoring Requirements for Stingers" Chapter 8.3.3 of the DoD Security Assistance Management Manual (SAMM) of 3 October 2003, pp. 275-277. See also the section on MANPADS in Chapter 5, Table 5, which lists the storage, handling and retransfer requirements that must be included as part of any U.S. MANPADS sale/transfer to foreign governments.
• "MANPADS Defense Program", Research and Development Descriptive Summaries, Fiscal Year 2004.
• Mary T. Cagle, History of the Redeye Weapon System, Army Missile Command, 23 May 1974. Note: this document is 7.8 mb.
• Chronological Summary of Significant Events Concerning the Laotian Crisis, Fourth Installment, Historical Division, Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 25 June 1962. Excerpt (p. 98) The excerpt contains a brief reference to a recommendation by the CINCPAC (Commander and Chief, Pacific Command) to the Joint Chiefs of Staff to consider providing FIM-43 Redeye missiles to Laotian armed groups. The FAS has filed a Freedom of Information Act request for the full CINCPAC recommendation and related documents. Special thanks to Joe Trevithick for calling our attention to the reference and for providing us with a copy of the report.
• Defense Threat Reduction Agency
  
  • DTRA provides technical support to the State Department's small arms/light weapons stockpile security and destruction programs, which have helped to destroy approximately 10,000 surplus, obsolete or inadequately secured MANPADS.
    
  • See also DTRA's Small Arms and Light Weapons Fact Sheets.

Government Accountability Office

• State Department Needs to Resolve Data Reliability Problems that Led to Inaccurate Reporting to Congress on Foreign Arms Sales, GAO-05-156R, 28 January 2005. Summarizes problems with State Department reporting on Stinger missile exports.
• Homeland Security: Further Action Needed to Promote Successful Use of Special DHS Acquisition Authority, U.S. Government Accountability Office, GAO-05-136, December 2004.
• Aviation Security: Further Steps Needed to Strengthen the Security of Commercial Airport Perimeter Controls, U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO-04-728, June 2004.
• "Further Improvements Needed in U.S. Efforts to Counter Threats from Man-Portable Air Defense Systems," U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO-04-519, May 2004.
• "The Department of Homeland Security Needs to Fully Adopt a Knowledge-based Approach to Its Counter-MANPADS Development Program," U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO-04-341R, 30 January 2004.
• "Inventory Management: Handheld Missiles are Vulnerable to Theft and Undetected Losses", United States General Accounting Office, GAO/NSIAD-94-100, September 1994.
• "Stinger POST Air Defense Missile: Potential Production Problems and Planned Improvements," U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO/C-MASAD-83-10, 26 January 1983.

Department of Homeland Security

• TSA MANPADS Airport Footprint Analysis Software, Presolicitation Notice
  • Solicitation 01, Posted on Jul 30, 2007
  • Amendment 01, Posted on Jul 31, 2007
  • Amendment 02, Posted on Aug 01, 2007
• Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill, 2008 (HR 2638), House Report
  • Report language on MANPADS: The Committee remains supportive of development activities that could protect commercial aircraft against portable, shoulder-launched missiles. To date, $270,000,000 has been appropriated for these activities. In fiscal year 2008, the Committee recommends a total of $11,500,000 to continue these efforts: $10,000,000 within the innovation appropriation and $1,500,000 within the explosives appropriation.
• "Singapore man pleads guilty to conspiracy to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization and money laundering Aided Tamil Tiger terrorists in the attempt to purchase surface-to- air missiles, night vision devices, machine guns and state of the art firearms," Press Release, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 5 April 2007.
• "High Altitude Endurance Unmannded Aerial System (HAE UAS)-Based Counter-MANPADS Technology Assessment," Broad Agency Announcement (BAA), HSARPA BAA07-04, 27 March 2007.
• "Should We Protect Commercial Airplanes Against Surface-to-Air Missile Attacks by Terrorist?" Detlof von Winterfeldt, DHS University Centers of Excellence Summit, 16 March 2007.
• "DHS Awards $7.4 million in Combined Contracts to Three Firms to Support Emerging Counter-MANPADS Technologies," Press Release, Department of Homeland Security, 20 October 2006.
• "Homeland Security Department, FY2007 Appropriations," Congressional Research Service, updated 5 July 2006. See pp. 69-71.
• "Senate Committee Approves FY 2007 Homeland Security Appropriations Bill," Senate Committee on Appropriations, 29 June 2006.
• "Q & A: James Tuttle," Avionics Magazine, 1 May 2006.
• "Securing the Nation Against Man-Portable Air Defense Systems," Report to Congress in Response to the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-458), December 2005.
• Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (HR 230 RFS)
  • Conference Report
• Department of Homeland Security Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (HR 1817 RFS)
  • Section 105. Research and Development
• Homeland Security Department: FY2006 Appropriations, Congressional Research Service, 14 April 2005. Contains budget data on DHS's counter MANPADS program for FY2004 - FY2006. Particularly noteworthy is the gap between funds appropriated in FY2004 ($60 million) and expenditures ($17 million). See pp. 48 & 49.
• Transcript of Press Conference with Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Admiral James Loy on the FY 2006 Budget, Office of the Press Secretary, Department of Homeland Security, 7 February 2005.
• Transcript of Press Conference with Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Admiral James Loy on the FY 2006 Budget, Office of the Press Secretary, Department of Homeland Security, 7 February 2005.
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security Selects Teams for Final Prototype Phase of Anti-Missile Devices to Protect Commercial Aircraft, Press Release, Office of the Press Secretary, Department of Homeland Security, 25 August 2004.
• BAE Systems Proceeds to Phase II for U.S. Commercial Airliner Protection, News Release, 25 August 2004.
• Northrop Grumman Wins Commercial Aircraft Anti-Missile System Contract, News Release, 25 August 2004.
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security Programs Countering Missile Threats to Commercial Aircraft, Fact Sheet, Department of Homeland Security, 25 August 2004.
• Countering Missile Threats to Commercial Aircraft, Fact Sheet, Office of the Press Secretary, Department of Homeland Security, 6 January 2004.  
• DHS Seeks Industry Proposals for Anti-Missile Devices to Protect Commercial Aircraft, Office of the Press Secretary, Department of Homeland Security 18 September 2003.
• "U.S. Seeks International Solution to Airline Security", Admiral James Loy, the administrator of the TSA, 26 August 2003.
  
• DHS Science and Technology Division, Counter-MAN Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS) Special Program Office.

Justice Department

• "Four Defendants are Caught in an Undercover Sting Operation Attempting to Purchase a Large Number of Surface-to-Air Missiles, Missile Launchers, and Hundreds of AK-47 Automatic Rifles,"Department of Justice, Eastern District of New York, 21 August 2006.
• "Two Convicted in Weapons for Drugs Deal Sentenced,"Press Release, U.S.Attorney's Office, Southern District of Texas, Department of Justice, 1 December 2005.
• "'Smoking Dragon' Undercover Investigation Results in New Indictment Alleging Scheme to Smuggle Surface-to-Air Missiles into United States,"Press Release, Department of Justice, 9 November 2005.

State Department

• "Report on Small Arms Programs," State Department (required by the Conference Report accompanying the FY06 Foreign Operations Appropriations Act), obtained via the Freedom of Information Act on 12 July 2007.
• "United States Commemorates Small Arms Destruction Day with “Millionth Weapon Destruction” Events" State Department Media Note, 5 July 2007.
• "US Counter Terrorism Action Plan," Counter Terrorism Task Force, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum, February 2007.
• "Arms Control: U.S. Leads Ukraine Missile Destruction Project," State Magazine, November 2006 (posted April 2007).
• "State Department Co-Hosts NATO Partnership for Peace Trust Fund Workshop", Department of State press release, 21 February 2007. Mentions Ukraine's decision to destroy 2000 more of its MANPADS.
• "Interview with Defense News: John Hillen, Assistant Secretary for Political-Military Affairs", 11 October 2006. Brief discussion of MANPADS destruction assistance programs.
• "Milestone Reached in NATO Partnership for Peace Arms Destruction Project in Ukraine," Press Release, State Department, 21 September 2006.
• "Experts Address Implementation of US-Russian MANPAD Pact," Washington File, State Department, 22 April 2006.
• "State Department Targets Stores of Shoulder-fired Missiles," Washington File, State Department, 30 March 2006.
• "Stopping Dangerous Weapons Proliferation Highest U.S. Priority," Washington File, State Department, 9 February 2006.
• "U.S., Hungary Agree to Destroy Man-Portable Air Defense Systems," Washington File, State Department, 3 October 2005.
• "The MANPADS Menace: Combating the Threat to Global Aviation from Man-Portable Air Defense Systems," State Department Fact Sheet, 20 September 2005.
• "Protecting Global Aviation: Keeping Nicaraguan Man-portable Air Defense Systems out of the Hands of Terrorists," State Department Press Briefing, 24 June 2005.
• "U.S. Urges Nicaragua Assembly to Support Destruction of Missiles," State Department Briefing,Washington File, 24 June 2005.
• "United States Implementation of MANPADS Export Control Guidelines," submitted to the APEC Counter Terrorism Task Force, 26-27 May 2005.
• "Nicaragua: Elimination of MANPADS/Differences within Nicaraguan Government/Suspension of U.S. Security Assistance," State Department Briefing, Washington File, 21 March 2005.
• Small Arms/Light Weapons Destruction Program, Congressional Budget Justification for FY06 Foreign Operations, March 2005.
• "Nicaragua Reaffirms Pledge to Destroy Anti-Aircraft Missiles," Washington File, 25 February 2005.
• "U.S.-Russian Arrangement on Cooperation in Enhancing Control of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS)," State Department Fact Sheet, 24 February 2005.
• "State Department Briefing: U.S. Delegation to Region/MANPADS Destruction ," Washington File, 22 February 2005.
• "NATO Project to Destroy Excess Ukrainian Weapons Stocks Launched," Washington File, 18 February 2005.
• "U.S. Official Speaks of Ukraine's Need for Reforms," Washington File, 14 February 2005. Briefly mentions U.S. plans to help destroy surplus MANPADS (italics added).
• Eric Green,"U.S. Commends Nicaragua for Recovering Missile," Washington File, 28 January 2005.
• "Nicaragua: Report of Anti-Aircraft Missile and Arms Sales/MANPADS," Daily Press Briefing, Bureau of Public Affairs, 27 January 2005.
• "Department of State's MANPADS Threat Reduction Efforts" (State Department webpage)
• Eric Green,"Nicaragua Destroys another Batch of Air Defense Missiles," Washington File, 11 August 2004.
• "U.S. Urges Belarus to Secure and Destory Excess Weapons", Statement by James Cox to OSCE Permanent Council, 8 July 2004.
• Eric Green,"U.S. Applauds Nicaragua's Partial Destruction of Missile Stockpile," WashingtonFile, 6 May 2004.
• FY 2003 Performance and Accountability Highlights, Bureau of Resource Management, December 2003.
• "Assistant Secretary Lincoln P. Bloomfield, Jr. Witnesses the Destruction of MANPADS," Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina, 10 November 2003.
• "Remarks with Nicaraguan President Enrique Bolanos Before Their Working Dinner," transcript of remarks by Secretary of State Colin Powell, Managua, Nicaragua, 3 November 2003. Includes discussion of Nicaragua's MANPADS, which the US has offered to help destroy.
• "Powell Says Terrorist Arrests Illustrate U.S., Russian Cooperation (Small arms, missiles in terrorists' hands put everyone at risk," transcript of remarks by Secretary of State Colin Powell,Washington, DC, 13 August 2003.

• Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement
  • WRA coordinates programs that help foreign governments to destroy surplus or obsolete small arms and light weapons. Through these programs, the State Department has destroyed 10,500 MANPADS, many of which were vulnerable to theft or diversion.
• Office of Conventional Arms Threat Reduction

Other

• DEA Investigation Nets International Arms Dealer with Ties to Terrorist Organizations, Drug Enforcement Agency, 8 June 2007.
• Board of Inquiry into the loss of Lynx XZ614 on 6 May 2006, UK Ministry of Defense, April 2007.
  • Executive Summary
• United States -v- Artur Solomonyan, et al., 15 March 2005. Detailed account of attempts by traffickers to illegally sell small arms and light weapons, including MANPADS, in the United States.
• Donald Stevens, et al., Near-Term Options for Improving Security at Los Angeles International Airport RAND, 2004.
• "Guiding Principles: Counter-Man Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS) Deployment Aboard Commercial Aircraft,"," Air Transport Association of America, updated 21 September 2004.
• "Eliminating deadly weapons in Georgia," NATO, 10 September 2004.
• Captain Stephen Luckey, "Comments Concerning Countermeasures to Shoulder-fired Anti-Aircraft Missiles," Air Line Pilots Association, 22 June 2004.
• "ALPA MANPADS Team Meets to Evaluate Missile Threat and Solutions," Air Line Pilots Association, 6 April 2004.
• Capt. Besnik Cukali, "Symbolic Destruction of MANPADS Stockpile," SFOR (Bosnia), 8 December 2003.
• Minutes of the December 2, 2003 Public Meeting, United States Sentencing Commission. Summarizes Justice Department recommendation that guideline penalties for MANPADS-related offenses be increased.
• "Progress in Fire Protection Research," International Aircraft Systems, Fire Protection Working Group Workshop, NASA, 5 November 2003.
• "FBI Announces Arrest of British Arms Dealer," Federal Bureau of Investigation, 13 August 2003. Program Review Board Meeting - Minutes, Coalition Provisional Authority, 12 August 2003.
  Includes a reference to the CPA's request for an additional $1 million for its MANPADS Weapons Buyback Program.
• "ATA Guiding Principles: Counter MANPADS Deployment," Air Transport Association.

Reference/Photos/Technology

• "MANPADS: What they do and how they do it," presentation by Chris Hughes, United Kingdom Ministry of Defense, at the one-day OAS conference entitled "Effective Strategies to Migitate the Threat Posed by the use of Man-portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS) by non-State actors, 8 March 2007. Good basic overview of MANPADS technology and systems
• Iraq Ordnance Identification Guide, "Guided Missiles", Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division
• "MANPADS Components", Defense Intelligence Agency, undated (2002).
  

Inter-governmental Efforts to Combat MANPADS Proliferation

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC)

• 2006 APEC Ministerial Meeting, Joint Statement, Ha Noi, Vietnam, 15-16 November 2006. [note: bold added]
• 2005 APEC Ministerial Meeting, Joint Statement, Busan, Republic of Korea, 15-16 November 2005. [note: bold added]
• 2004 APEC Ministerial Meeting, Joint Statement, Santiago, Chile, 17-18 November 2004.
• APEC Guidelines on Controls and Security of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems, 2004/AMM/035, November 2004.
• White House Fact Sheet: U.S. Actions at the APEC Leaders' Meeting: Ensuring Security, Promoting Prosperity, 20 November 2004.
• Joint Ministerial Statement, 4th APEC Transportation Ministerial Meeting, 27-29 July 2004.
  • Media Release, 4th APEC Transportation Ministerial Meeting, 31 July 2004.
• 2003 APEC Leaders Declaration Bangkok, Thailand, 21 October 2003.
• U.S. Accomplishments at the APEC Summit: Day two, White House Fact Sheet, 21 October 2003.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

• Chairman's Statement of the Thirteenth ASEAN Regional Forum, Kuala Lumpur, 28 July 2006.

G8

• "G8 Countries Cooperate on Secure International Travel Initiative," State Department Fact Sheet, 8 June 2005.
• "G-8 Secure and Facilitated International Travel Initiative (SAFTI)," White House Press Release, 9 June 2004.
• G8 Action Plan on MANPADS "Enhance Transport Security and Control of Man Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS): A G8 Action Plan," State Department Fact Sheet, Evian, 2 June 2003.
• "Aviation Security Fact Sheet," White House fact sheet on the G8 action plan, 2 June 2003.
• G8 Secure and Facilitated International Travel Initiative, G8 Summit (Sea Island, Georgia), June 2004. SAFTI Fact Sheet. 

 Australian Government's International MANPADS Initiative

• "Australia's International MANPADS Initiative, Hon. Alexander Downer, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Speech to Seminar at the Millennium Hotel, New York City, 18 January 2007.
• "Preventing the Illicit Transfer and Unauthorised Access to and Use of Man Portable Air Defence Systems," Statement by Hon. Caroline Millar, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations, Australian Permanent Mission and Consulate-General, Geneva, Switzerland, 24 August 2006.
• Media Release, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 6 December 2005.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

• Threat to Civil Aviation Posed by Man-Portable Air Defense Systems, 3 July 2007.
• Presentation by Dominique R. Antonini, Chief, Aviation Security Section, International Civil Aviation Organization, at the Follow-up Meeting to the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee Special Meeting, 11-12 March 2004.
• Threat posed to Civil Aviation by Man-Portable Air Defense Systems, 5-6 March 2004.
• Threat to civil aviation posed by man-portable air defense systems, ICAO resolution A35-11

 Organization of American States (OAS)

• OAS Spotlights Threats from Unauthorized Access to Portable Air Defense Systems, Press Release, Organization of American States, 8 March 2007.
• Denying MANPADS to Terrorists: Control and Security of man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS), Organization of American States, AG/RES. 2145, 7 June 2005.
• OAS Guidelines on Controls and Security of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS), Presentation by the Committee on Hemispheric Security to the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States, 25 May 2005.
• Effective Strategies to Mitigate the Threat Posed by the use of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS) by non-State actors (one-day conference), Organization of American States, 8 March 2007 16-18 February 2005.
• MANPADS: A Threat to Civil Aviation, Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism (CICTE), 16-18 February 2005.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

• Annex C to the Best Practice Guide on National Procedures for Stockpile Management and Security of the OSCE Handbook of Best Practices on Small Arms and Light Weapons," FSC Decision No. 3/06, Second day of the Twelfth Meeting, 29 March 2006.
• Decision No. 8/04, Second day of the Twelfth Meeting, 7 December 2004.
• Decision No. 3/04, 423rd Plenary Meeting, 26 May 2004.
• The MANPADS Menace, OSCE Magazine, March 2004.
• OSCE hosts first-ever international workshop on threat of shoulder-fired missiles to civil aviation, Press Release, 23 January 2004.
• Decision No. 8/03, Second day of the Eleventh Meeting, 2 December 2003.
• Decision No. 7/03, 397th Plenary Meeting, 23 July 2003.
• Enhance Transport Security and Control of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems: A G8 Action Plan, Annual Security Review Conference, 25-26 June 2003.
  • Day 1 Conference Report, Follow-up Meeting to the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) Special Meeting on 6 March 2003
    Hosted by the OSCE in co-operation with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 11 March 2004.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• "NATO workshop on man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS)," Press Release, 12-13 June 2007.
  • Draft agenda, June 2007.
  • Report
• "NATO Efforts to Counter the Threat of MANPADS," 11-12 March 2004.

Wassenaar Arrangement (WA)

• "Elements for Export Controls of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS)", Wassenaar Arrangement, as amended in December 2007.
• "Elements for Export Controls of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS)", Wassenaar Arrangement, December 2003.
• "Wassenaar Group to Tighten Export Controls on MANPADS," Policy Text, State Department's International Information Programs, 16 December 2003.
• "Elements for Export Controls of MANPADS", 1 December 2000.
• Boese, Wade, "Wassenaar Arrangement Agrees On MANPADS Export Criteria", Arms Control Today, January/February 2001.

United Nations

• Prevention of the illicit transfer and unauthorized access to and use of man-portable air defense systems, United Nations General Assembly, First Committee, 62nd session, A/C.1/62/L.38/Rev.1, 29 October 2007.
• Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia,, UN Security Council, S/2007/436, July 2007.
• Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1676 (2006), UN Security Council, S/2006/913, November 2006. Includes several references to manpads transfers to the non-state actors in Somalia.
• Prevention of the illicit transfer and unauthorized access to and use of man-portable air defense systems, United Nations General Assembly, First Committee, 60th session, A/RES/60/77, 11 January 2006.
• Prevention of the illicit transfer and unauthorized access to and use of man-portable air defense systems, United Nations General Assembly, First Committee, 59th session, A/C.1/59/L.49/Rev.2*, 1 November 2004.

Documents obtained via the Freedom of Information Act

FOIA No. 200500711: documents containing information on the acquisition and/or use of MANPADS by 10 Non-state groups, filed 2 February 2005.

FOIA No. 06-0063: documents distributed at "MANPADS: The Worldwide Threat to Aviation Conference," November 3-4, 2004.

• FOIA request Letter, 8 November 2004.
• "Navy IRCM Requirements Overview"
• "Supporting Army Aviation in OIF/OEF," by Dr.Richard Amos, Deputy Commander, Aviation & Missile Life Cycle Management Command, 4 November 2004.
• "USAF Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE)," by Major Scott Guilbeault, AF/XORE, 4 November 2004.

FOIA No. F-2007-00017: records pertaining to "the foiled January 1976 attempt by terrorists to shoot down an El Al passenger plane near Nairobi, Kenya."

• "International Terrorism in 1976," Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, July 1977.
• "Intelligence Analysis for Secretary of State Vance's Trip to Israel," Department of State, July 1977, received 28 November 2007.

FOIA No. F-2007-00010: records on "a foiled attempt by Arab terrorists to shoot down an Israeli El Al plane near Rome's Fiumcino airport."

• Responsive Documents

FOIA No. F-2007-00057: "a copy of the June 1998 document entitled "Bin Ladin Threatening to Attack US Aircraft."

• Responsive Documents

FOIA No. 07-0120: "request for "documents or photographs of the "22 surface-to-air missiles" seized by Task Force Baghdad on January 2006."

• Responsive Documents
• "New Information on Iraqi Missile Cache," FAS Strategic Security Blog, 18 May 2007.

FOIA No. 200603443: "Report on Small Arms Programs," State Department (required by the Conference Report accompanying the FY06 Foreign Operations Appropriations Act).

• Cover Letter
• Responsive Document

FOIA No. 07-945: "Securing the Nation Against Man-Portable Air Defense Systems," Report to Congress in Response to the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-458), Department of Homeland Security, December 2005.

• "FAS Obtains DHS Report on Programs to Counter the Shoulder-fired Missile Threat," FAS Strategic Security Blog, 25 October 2007.

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